X John BOHANNADear Richard,Thank you for your enquiry sadly I am unable toassist you in any great detail, in essence Johnnever served as a member of the CheshireConstabulary and to try and explain the CheshireConstabulary was formed in April 1857; there aremany thousands of records, these are held by theCheshire Record Office, Chester. I as a retiredPolice officer and voluntary Police MuseumResearcher am slowly extracting these records.Cheshire Police Officer Enrolment Records are heldunder Reference CJP7 Volumes 1-5. These fivevolumes are very large and in poor condition, runfrom 1857- 22 March 1913. Prior to 1857 the entirecounty was policed by what were known as parishconstables and they were mostly responsible fortheir own areas as opposed to a county wideconstabulary. John Bohanna served as a Constableand later as a Superintendent within the Boroughof Congleton, Cheshire. It's Police force known as'Congleton Borough Police first came into being in1833 and remained as an independent force up until1947 and only then did it become part of theCheshire Constabulary. Sadly when it became partof Cheshire Constabulary none of it records camewith it and we are at a total loss to where theyare, believe me it is not for the want of tryingto trace them. The only information we have isthat which we have taken from the Census returns,which I feel certain you must already have.Perhaps the only other thing that you may not beaware of that is that John is recorded in 'WhitesDirectory of Cheshire for 1860' where he is namedas Superintendent of Police in charge of 3officers. His obituary is recorded in 1878(08/10/1878), further we have noted that BSIappears on our records this applies to a websiteknown as the Black Sheep Index(www.blacksheepindex.co.uk) this is a site thatcarries newspaper articles concerning PoliceOfficers. On occasions the officer's full name isnot given, but we have tried to make a matchagainst what the Museum Records show. There arecharges involved to obtain these newspapercuttings direct from the owner of the website. Itis emphasized that the Museum does not known thecontents of these cuttings and takes noresponsibility for them. The Museum is onlyshowing this as an aid that there is furtherinformation from another source. However beforeyou consider buying this, perhaps the sameinformation may be held at Congleton Archives,this is in fact housed in the old Congleton PoliceStation and may be worthy of contacting them, theyare on the Internet.If you also read the history of the CheshireConstabulary "To the Best of Our Skill andKnowledge" which is on the Museum Web Site, I feelcertain that a useful picture can be obtained oflife in the force at the time, my own opinion isthat discipline was draconian and those whostrayed outside the rule's were fined way abovewhat they earned or dismissed. Also therestrictions on their private life, an officer wasnot allowed to drink on or off duty even in hisown home, it is safe to say that it mattered notwhether an officer was County or Borough they weretreated virtually the same. I have attached belowwhat is recorded within the history of theCheshire Constabulary concerning Congleton BoroughPolice.CONGLETON BOROUGHA newspaper report of a meeting of the Council ofthe Borough in February, 1836 (when the newMunicipal Corporations Act was being discussed),proves that until this time Congleton had neverhad a paid policeman; a member referring to acommittee recommendation said, "we are recommendedto appoint an officer such as we have not,hitherto, possessed in the borough; I mean aregular paid officer."In the course of this meeting it seems that thegeneral idea was to appoint one regular constableat a weekly wage of one guinea and two special orpart-time constables, to be employed only whenwanted at three shillings and sixpence a day whenso employed.This particular meeting ended inconclusively butfrom other sources of information it seems clearthat this was to be the pattern for the "force"for a number of years. In fact, even in 1889 thestrength was only one superintendent and fourconstables. For most of these years the strengthwas one plus two regular Saturday night paidSpecial Constables, reinforced on specialoccasions by upwards of six firemen sworn in forparticular occasions, such as the annual fairs and"wakes" weeks.Whilst the natural disinclination of the boroughcouncil to add to the rate burden isunderstandable, it is difficult to reconcile aposition in which the ratio of police topopulation was one to 9,000 for many years.The antipathy of members of the local authority tothe idea of a police force stemmed from a numberof roots; political, financial and social. To allthis was added the violent and intemperateopposition of a Mr. John Wilson, the Town Clerkfor many years (1850-94). This gentleman, aCambridge LL.D. was also for many years Clerk tothe Borough Justices. He domineered over all, notleast the local council and magistrates. He was aregular guest of the local Licensed VictuallersAssociation at their annual banquets at which hewould rave against the police whom he described onone occasion as "Officious and glib swearing andcorroborating officers". He not infrequentlyaccused the police of "oppression and corruption".As early as 1 842 the Mayor spoke of him as having"kept the town in a state of perpetual ferment" byhis incessant attacks on the Mayor and Council. Heeven went so far as to sue the Mayor at the CountyAssizes for neglect of some statutory duty.Under the provisions of the Police Act of 1856 the"force" (a superintendent and four constables)became subject to inspection by H.M. Inspectors ofConstabulary. Year by year until 1890 the Councilwas informed that the force was inefficient forwant of sufficient strength and no grant would beforthcoming. In a letter written to the Council inNovember, 1889, the Secretary of State, afterreferring to the inefficient state of the forcesaid, "it is now the only borough in England andWales having a separate force that does notmaintain its police in a state of efficiency."In 1890, the Watch Committee on the advice of theChief Constable decided to comply with the minimumrequirements of H.M. Inspector and earn the grantin aid. It was decided to double the strength ofthe force and put it (for the first time) inuniform. This actually meant a small saving in thelocal police rate. Wilson thereupon capitulatedsaying, "I have given up my contest against Mr.Jonathan Hall's (the Chief Constable) scheme ofsurrounding himself with a small regiment ofdrilled and uniformed policemen". The force nowconsisted of one Chief Constable, two sergeantsand eight constables.So far as the administration of justice wasconcerned it is clear that both the Town Clerk andthe Watch Committee took a very great part inplacing obstacles in the path of the police intheir task of impartially administering the law.In 1886 the local press referring to thewithdrawal of summonses against four unnamed"respectable" young men for drunkenness ended itscomments with the lines: "The voice is the voiceof Jonathan (Hall) but the hand is the hand ofJohn (Wilson)."The general attitude of the Watch Committee may beclearly seen from an examination of the committeeminutes. In 1899, on the Chief Constable reportinghaving taken out a summons against a licensee andasking approval for legal aid, the Town Clerk saidthat as he was being called as a "witness" for thedefendant he could not, therefore, represent thepolice. A proposal that a solicitor be engaged wasdefeated.At about the same time the Chief Constable wasrequired to inform the chairman and Town Clerk ofall reports against licensees and he was not totake out a summons until three days had elapsed.One can well imagine the canvassing and lobbyingthat would go on during the three day standstillperiod. For a period the Watch Committee attemptedto usurp the authority of the Magistrates indealing with minor offences. The Magistrates, ofcourse, won in the end.The first police station consisted of a room (partof a shop) belonging to the Corporation andadjoining the old Town Hall. The lockups or cellswere in the cellars. Although a New Town Hall wasbuilt in 1866, the police station remained until1870 when the present building was erected.The police station included living accommodationfor the Chief Constable which was later adaptedfor offices and used jointly by the police andCorporation.From 1914 the Special Constabulary formed apermanent and most useful supplementary force.Before this time Special Constables were sworn inand did duty for special occasions and when nolonger required they reverted to a non-policestatus.The earliest record of the employment of SpecialConstables now available speaks of one hundredrespectable inhabitants being sworn in to aid thepolice when, in 1842, some 600 colliers on strikemarched from North Staffordshire to Poynton withthe intention of bringing miners employed thereout on strike. The strikers assaulted the "ChiefConstable" and made "a great noise and tumult" andlater left the town.The Knutsford and Tabley troop of the CheshireYeomanry and a party of the 1st Royal Dragoonsarrived next morning. Later in the same year it isrecorded that "Turnouts" (strikers) to the numberof about 6,000 came to the town from Macclesfield.There were many occasions of excitement during thenineteenth century particularly during elections.The extent to which participants would go is to beseen in the case of the prominent inhabitant who,towards the end of the century, was indicted atAssizes on a charge of bribery and corruption andsentenced to a term of imprisonment at Knutsford.He went around the town on Election Day withsupporters carrying buckets full of half-crownswhich were distributed to the poorer electors andin public houses.On his release from prison the would-be councillorwas met and escorted by a cavalcade of supportersin triumph back to Congleton where, it is said, agreat crowd welcomed him back.Generally speaking, crime and offences were all ofa minor character. Up to 1945, no charge of murderhad been made since 1776. The Chiefs of the Policein Congleton between 1836 and 1947 numberedtwelve, five of whom left on transfer to otherforces. Up to 1876 when Jonathan Hall, thenserving in Macclesfield, was appointed, all hadbeen local men. He served until 1902 when he wassucceeded by Mr. J. H. Watson (from Hyde) who, in1908, left to become Chief Constable of Devonportand later of Bristol. Succeeding Chief Constableswere Henry Ingles, I908-12 (died); Thomas Danby,1912-14 (to Peterborough) ; Thomas Nuttal, 1915-23(died) ; E. N. Christie, 1923-30 (to Bedford); G.S. Lowe, 1930-2 (to Newcastle-under-Lyme, Plymouthand Sheffield); J. A. Kelsall (Acting ChiefConstable) 1932-4; R. W. James, 1934-47The force came to an end as an independent entityon 31st March, 1947, and was incorporated in theNorthwich Division of the Cheshire Constabularythen under the command of Mr. G. H. Durnell.Lastly I do have one further officer namedInspector Robert Bohanna, who served with CheshireConstabulary from 1846 to 1873, he appears to bethe son of perhaps a serving soldier as he wasborn in Ringmoore Barracks, Sussex circa 1814.If you have any further questions please don'thesitate to contact me. Jim Talbot. Trustee andResearcher, Cheshire Museum of Policing.